Decision-Making Process in Organizations-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Talk about the job of a Manager in rousing morals in the dynamic procedure in Organizations. Answer: Presentation Dynamic procedure is a fundamental advance that decides the feasibility and believability of one's choice. Thusly, using a fitting strategy to settle on a decision is critical to the acknowledgment of a result that is regarded as reasonable, feasible and esteem adding to all the partners straightforwardly affected by the approaching choice. This paper analyzes the job of a supervisor in moving morals in the dynamic procedure in associations. The report talks about all the means engaged with the way toward settling on the choice, along these lines significant in helping both the people and associations to settle on right choices. The Process of Decision Making Business people and chiefs settle on choices regularly with respect to the operational and vital issues in the organization. These choices to a great extent direct the destiny of the organization. A practical and proper decision is frequently a noteworthy addition to both the business and picture of the firm. Best practice dynamic has clear stages and utilizes partners inclusion. The gatherings straightforwardly or in a roundabout way affected by the choice must be allowed a chance to communicate their conclusion and appreciate the straightforwardness of the procedure. In addition, this contribution guarantees that issues within reach are seen in expansive point of view and nitty gritty examination made to show up at an ideal arrangement. (Stanovich and West, 2008, pp. 672-695). A perfect dynamic methodology ought to be guided by a few stages that try to recognize the issue, gather data on the issue and burdening the accessible arrangement. The point by point arrangement of the procedure involves Identification of the issue and reason for the choice, Information gathering, Principle of making a decision about other options. Conceptualizing and examination of various decisions, Evaluation of options, Select the best substitution, execute the choice and assess the outcome (Green, 2013). These means give a framework procedure that individuals can follow to show up at the best choice to their issues. The conceptualizing stage offer s the leader a chance to assess the best accessible other options, and along these lines, build up a powerful way to deal with take care of a given issue. Distinguishing proof of the issue and motivation behind the choice The rise and quick spreading of a horrible infection in West Africa has compromised the lives of individuals in that district. The way that human life must be spared and safeguarded no matter what, enormous endeavors and bolster should be tackled and diverted to rescue the circumstance. Mediations should be made by various partners including the World Health Organization body to carry mental stability and pride to the nature of lives of individuals from the locale. In any case, each choice has results. Right off the bat, the antitoxin found through the analysis done to chimpanzees demonstrated it could fix the ailment, yet its symptoms to individuals are as yet obscure (Sharot, Korn and Dolan, 2011, pp. 14751479). Morals manages those medications without information on reactions ought not be directed to people. This is a direct result of possible mischief to their bodies which can deny the casualties honorable lives (Pant, 2011). Further, it is inside the privileges of the casualties to have assent and endorse any systems and medicines to their bodies that sway on their nature of lives. Something else, the association dangers conclusion and huge claims if the medications events lethal symptoms to the patients. As an administrator, the issue should be glanced comprehensively and top to bottom to decide the partners and degree of their contribution (Chou, Johnson, Ward, and Blewett, 2009, 2282-2288). Additionally, the supervisor will set the objective and reason for the choice looked for as helping a weak people recuperate and improve their nature of lives and furthermore guaranteeing the association doesn't endure a misfortune as the aftereffect of the choice. Another factor to the issue is ten years to decide the security of the medications to human lives by the Australian specialists (Guo, 2008, pp. 118127). Data gathering Data gathering structures the following stage in this procedure additionally named partners inclusion. This a similarly significant advance to accomplish an educated and comprehensive choice satisfactory to all the gatherings. The administration of the pharmaceutical needs to evaluate the circumstance considering the torment and possible loss of lives of the casualties in West Africa and expected effect of the choice made on the association (Poudyal, Gopal, and Kedar, 2011). Data sharing procedure subsequently encourages the simple phases of separating. There should a channel to conquer the other existing perspectives in the field, as an approach to be proceeded. Regulating of the medications to the casualties will either have positive or negative results to the two gatherings. The medications will capture the widespread spreading of the infection however have unanticipated reactions to the patients (Blanchfield, Heffernan, Osgood, Sheehan and Meyer, 2010). In the most pessimistic scenario, the symptoms can be deadly and wind up causing physiological sickness or passings in the most pessimistic scenario. Consequently, it is significant how significant the way toward settling on choices and in this manner, think of the most ideal approach to do data social affairs. As a director, there is have to front the initiative of the company to draw in the wellbeing expert in Australia and furthermore look for the contribution of the WHO World wellbeing association body to finishing up (Perneger and Agoritsas, 2011, pp. 14111417). Moreover, both the wellbeing specialist and wellbeing experts in West Africa will be welcomed on board at this stage with the goal that the matter of the capriciousness of symptoms of the medications is uncovered and acknowledged. This is a transition to advance straightforwardness and dependable procedure (Lachman, 2012, pp. 248-250). Rule of making a decision about other options The chief and his group of partners have two options which are to regulate the medications or prematurely ending the mission. In any case, the measures for assessing the options needs to objective, tenable and reasonable. Due thought must be distributed to the poise of human life and the notoriety of the company in case of a lamentable outcome (Kaufman, 2011, pp. 299-304). Additionally, the association should allude to the corporate culture and authoritative objectives and targets to guarantee that the procedure is predictable. It is the administrator's job to guarantee that arrangement accomplished doesn't negate the conviction, corporate culture and expert morals of the association (Voges, 2012, pp. 30-32). In this way, the way toward making the decisions is through looking at the accessible arrangements, and different alternatives accessible to deal with the issue. Conceptualizing and dissect various decisions Conceptualizing is the phase of considering whatever other options that can mitigate the approaching emergency. The partners will list all the thoughts haphazardly anticipating assessment stage. Reasons for the issue control this activity as they enroll in need and produce potential arrangements at the same time (Johnson and Stoskopf, 2010). As a chief, the group will be energized and tuned into considering some fresh possibilities to offer a sensible arrangement or intercede to improve the circumstance pending assurance of the suitability of the medications by the Australian wellbeing specialists (Brunin and Aghurst, 2013). Assessment of options Assessment stage is the period of screening to guarantee consistence to moral contemplations both in the calling and helpful managing. The alternatives are additionally weighed for adequacy and cutting edge result in that an issue happens that will be lethal and irreversible (Schacter, Gilbert, and Wegner, 2011). A top to bottom and all encompassing examination specifying the upsides and downsides of every choice will give an away from to the following period of choice of the other option. The director needs to keep up the emphasis on the target rules for assessment at this stage (Toren and Wagner, 2010, pp. 393-402). Select the best other option This is the period of choosing a choice after fair treatment of assessing the accessible choices. All the gatherings in question or most of partners must help the choice and promise pledge to the choice for it to be received. Something else, the execution of the choice will be disrupted or done desperately (Northouse, 2007). With this impact, the elective alternative will be to evade the utilization of the medications for absence of information on its symptoms to the possible patients. Additionally in consistence and show of accommodation and harmony with the Australian wellbeing specialists, the organization needs to dismiss the solicitation by the wellbeing laborer in Western Africa to give space for the specialists to announce its security for human treatment. Further, the initiative of the enterprise will consider drawing in the World Health Organization in giving some other type of wellbeing administrations to the casualties to moderate the torment (Frisch and Huppenbauer, 2014, pp. 23-43). It very well may be through pooling of assets by the partners to give any extra fundamental help including directing and guiding to the people in question. Hence, the accessibility of the decisions during the time spent creation the choice significant give an open door for the others or undertakings to take structure. Execute the choice The administration of the organization through the director should straightforwardly react to the partner wellbeing specialist uncovering the situation of the organization and advocating the equivalent. Significantly, there ought to be plans for set exercises settled on to activity the choice came to during the dynamic procedure. The way of execution of the judgment is totally basic since it decides the mentality and comprehension of the influenced parties (Garman, Johnson, and Royer, 2011). The supervisor should orchestrate a plunk down gathering with his partner because of the grave matter of the circumstance and pleasantly decay the r

EU Competition Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

EU Competition Law - Essay Example These cartels have negative effects and it has been made illicit under EU administers on rivalry. The EU Courts to such cartel firms can force substantial fines. The quest for EU rivalry laws has been colossal yet there has been questioning with regards to the specific objectives of their laws. Examination of laws in the decentralized EU rivalry authorization with other national laws on rivalry uncovers equal interests in its application. This paper investigations an outline of rivalry laws by the EU and its individuals and investigates detail the implementation arrangement of the EU rivalry law and any irregularities noted in the utilization of the guidelines. It additionally dissects obligations of such specialists when matters of requirement of Section 101 and 102 of the TFEU are to be influenced. As per Ezrachi, 1competition law is critical to the European people group and its organs. Its center foundation of EU is to encourage the business. The business because of its serious nature gives points of interest to individuals included and guarantees appropriate working of its market and the European business. Along these lines, the EU nature must ensure powerful security of such competition.The EU cultivates mandatory prerequisite for part states to grasp united types of meaningful techniques for authorization of such laws. This has consistently represented a significant test in the acknowledgment of bound together rivalry laws. National laws on rivalry are radical towards the formation of right arrangements on rivalry guidelines. These laws have been viewed as pertinent for exposure of the Commission in making powerful approaches. Force 2 clarifies that complete dependence on the commission for powerful requirement of national techniques and its establishments has made the nonappearance of lucidity in the objectives of its laws.EU rivalry law drafters came up short on an unmistakable spotlight on its objectives since they neglected to think about the best i mplementation system. These laws need strategies for uniform practices to all individuals states.

Negative Automatic Thoughts and Social Anxiety

Negative Automatic Thoughts and Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Print Negative Automatic Thoughts and Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on December 02, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children  Mixmike/Getty Images Negative automatic thoughts are the subconscious thoughts that occur in response to everyday events. These thoughts are irrational, self-defeating, and may fuel social anxiety disorder (SAD).?? The Role of Negative Automatic Thoughts Social anxiety has been shown to be related to increased negative thinking.?? Within cognitive behavioral therapy, it is believed that what you think becomes what you feel and do. For instance, if you experience negative automatic thoughts like Im stupid or Theyll make fun of me when about to give a presentation, anxiety, and fear occurs. The negative thoughts can be overwhelming and dominate how you think and act. In our day to day routine, the most deeply held beliefs are not spoken. Your opinions of yourself as a person or as a friend arent always expressed. If you have social anxiety, you may have incredibly strong negative feelings about yourself. In order to make a change, you need to recognize these intrinsic beliefs and understand that they are holding you back. Identifying Negative Automatic Thoughts When undergoing therapy for social anxiety, your therapist may suggest focusing on overcoming negative automatic thoughts. To identify them, one recommended process is to write down some thoughts you have about yourself on a piece of paper.?? It is essential to write down these thoughts as they occur. You may be surprised about some of the negative thoughts that come into your mind, but keep writing and take the time to focus on yourself. These are the beliefs that guide how you think and act. This is the first step in overcoming negative automatic thoughts. Your therapist will work with you to review these beliefs and how to replace them.?? You may be guided through disputation, a process where you question your deeply held beliefs and thoughts. For example, lets say one of the things you wrote down about yourself is, I am unloved. This thought impacts all you do, worsening your anxiety and filling you with loneliness. Your therapist will walk you through the process of challenging these irrational beliefs.?? You would be asked about your loved ones, your parents or family, your significant other, and your friends. Their feelings for you may directly contradict what you have identified as a belief about yourself. This discordance shows that you are actually loved and valued and that your inner thoughts are false and irrational. You Can Change Negative Thinking Conquering Social Anxiety by  Eliminating Negative Automatic Thoughts The process of recognizing and disputing negative automatic thoughts is an essential step forward in managing social anxiety.?? While your therapist will work with you thoroughly to challenge several deeply-held beliefs, this is a learned skill that you can practice on your own in daily life. With practice, you can recognize the thoughts when they occur, realize that they are irrational, and adjust your thoughts to match reality. As you continue to work on this yourself, you may find yourself growing more confident and less anxious.?? While you may still be nervous or afraid of certain situations, it may not be as debilitating or overwhelming, allowing you to live a richer life. Managing Negative Thoughts on Your Own Self-help strategies for managing negative thinking include:Keeping a journal in which you track negative thoughtsPracticing mindfulness to maintain awareness of your thinkingUsing positive affirmations to replace negative thoughts with more positive ones A Word From Verywell If you are living with severe social anxiety that has not been diagnosed or for which you have not received treatment such as medication or therapy, make an appointment with your doctor or mental health professional. It is important to seek help to overcome the negative automatic thoughts that may be holding you back and continuing to maintain the anxiety that you feel in social situations. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Realities of Sexual Assault on Campus - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 799 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Sexual Assault On College Campuses Essay Did you like this example? Imagine being in relationship, trusting a person so much only to be taken advantage of and forced into some sort of sexual activity. Imagine being friends with someone and deciding to hanging out, get something to eat after school, and your just talk when the friend starts to force you into performing a sexual act. Or imagine dating someone and maybe your not in the mood for anything sexual but being manipulated and forced to the point where you just give in and say yes but still feeling uncomfortable. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Realities of Sexual Assault on Campus" essay for you Create order Whether it’s being forced into sexual activity or forced into a sexual act or manipulated into any sort of sexual activity, etc are considered sexual assault. Most people dont even realize that they are a victim of sexual assault while its happening till after. Sexual assault on college campuses are increasing every year and are not being handled as they should be. Colleges usually handle sexual assault cases privately through an administrative process, staffed by employees without the necessary training or experience instead of referring them to law enforcement. A better way to insure the rights of all persons involved is to refer sexual assault crimes to local law enforcement for investigation and prosecution. This would benefit the schools themselves and the victim. Mediating these cases puts the school at risk of a liability. Allowing law enforcement to handle the case with standard procedures gives the victim a better chance of prosecuting the assaulter. Sexual assault happens because a person believes that they have the right to have sex or sexual contact with another person without that person’s consent. Or they themselves have been sexually assaulted in their past. Sexual Assault is an extremely serious societal issue and health issue. In the U.S. Sexual assault has been happening more and more. 11.2% of all students experience rape or sexual assault through physical force, violence, or incapacitation, on college campuses. A high amount of sexual assault victims dont report the incident in fear of embarrassment, shame, being bl amed, and people not believing them. Although, more and more victims have come forward and reported their incidences to authorities. However, very few cases ever go to court, and even less, the number of people convicted for their actions. About one in five women and one in seventy men are sexually assaulted. There are ways of preventing sexual assaults from happening. Sexual assault on college campuses can be prevented by educating students and others on the subject of sexual assault and what it means and consent. The formal definition of sexual assault by Merriam-Webster is â€Å"illegal sexual contact that usually involves force upon a person without consent or is inflicted upon a person who is incapable of giving consent†. Sexual assault can include rape, groping, forced kissing, child sexual abuse, manipulation into sexual activity, or torturing the person in a sexual manner. Consent is permission given by the person. It’s important to know that consent can be revoked when ever you feel the need to, once you revoke your consent no one has your permission to do anything you dont want or like. Another way of preventing sexual assault can be to increase security. Adding some security at night in the parking lots to maybe escort someone to their car or watching out for any suspicious activities. Most colleges have the option of a campus escort service. This is designed to help students feel safe when alone, especially at night going to a class or to your car. This shouldnt just got for students but for faculty too. Keeping some pepper spray and a whistle on hand with you would be another way of preventing a sexual assault from happening. A whistle is great for getting the attention of other people around and calling for help. While pepper spray comes in handy if you don’t necessarily have any self-defense skills, and is quick and effect to use. Also, taking a defense class for protection is a good idea too. If you dont have pepper spray on hand this skill can come in handy when trying to protect your self. Or if you are witnessing someone being assaulted you can help them by using this skill before they get hurt. Recovering from being sexually assault can take a toll on one physically, emotionally, and mentally. These things make it harder for a victim to cope with what has happened to them and makes it harder for them to go on with their normal life. A person can physically have an injury in areas, decreased libido, muscle c ramps and spasms, and a ruined sleep schedule. Emotionally this can cause anxiety, guilt, helplessness, paranoia, and outbursts of emotions. It can affect one mentally by causing depression, PTSD, the inability to focus, and denial.

Dream Job in The Army - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1155 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Career Essay Level High school Tags: My Dream Job Essay Did you like this example? I really didn’t know what I really wanted to do when I graduated and it never crossed my mind until my senior year. It wasn’t up until like October of 2018 when a Army recruiter and talked to us in Mr. Pierson’s economics class. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dream Job in The Army" essay for you Create order And usually when a Army recruiter comes and talks to us I usually never pay attention. But this time it was a different vibe with Sergeant William T. Harris. He know how to keep our attention, so that’s what I did. He was talking about all the benefits The Army could give. It offers health and dental benefits, vacation time, family services, special pay for special duties, cash allowances to cover the cost of living and money to repay your college loans and so much more. I put a lot of thought into and I finally decided that I wanted to join The Army. But it wasn’t only because it could pay for my college, it also had to do with patriotism. I feel like the United States has done so much for me that I can never repay it. Giving me freedom, rights, and help me find happiness. So I thought the Army was the best way to repay what the country has given me. And I looked at a brochure and did some digging and I found what job I wanted to do in the Army Infantry: The infantry is the main land combat force and backbone of the Army. They are responsible for defending our country against any threat by land, as well as capturing, destroying and repelling enemy ground forces. And I know the risk of being a Infantry man. I could potentially be Killing in action and to be honest I’m not really scared of dying. But before I can even think of enlisting in the Army I need to make sure I qualify for the Army. You can check if your pre-qualify for the army on the GoArmy website. It will ask you basic questions that you need to answer to see if you can enlist. You also need to go to a doctor to make sure that you are healthy and you can’t have any felonies or else they won’t let you enlist. And once the you get checked off and they let you enlist there is still lots you have to do before you get into â€Å"action†. When you get shipped out to wherever location they send you, you have to go through Basic Training: the initial period of training for new personnel, involving intense physical activity and behavioral discipline. You’ll spend the â€Å"best† nine weeks of your life learning what it means to be a soldier in the US Army. Lots of people say you mentality will be entirely different. Apparently your mind will be sharper, you’ll be in the best shape you have ever been in your entire life and you will be confident than you ever have before. When you arrive at Boot Camp you’ll be issued your personal gear and uniform items. Then you will turn in all of your personal â€Å"contraband items†. Then you will be assigned to barracks where you will be staying for the next 9 weeks AKA your new home. Also there will be Drill Sergeants that will scream in your face because that’s their jobs; to make you as tough as you can possibly be. Your days in Basic Trai ning are very repetitive. You begin bright and early at around 0500 and quickly make your bed, tidy up your personal area, brush your teeth, shave, and other personal hygiene. The Army is extremely strict on your personal hygiene. In order for you to pass Basic Training you have to complete 3 test and pass them. For men ages 17 to 21, that means performing at least 35 push-ups and 47 sit-ups, as well as running two miles in no more than 16 minutes and 36 seconds. And if you don’t make any of these 3 challenges then you were simply processed out. And there is no shame in that. The military isn’t meant for anyone and all that matters is that you tried your best and you now know what you are capable of. And you can always try again until you succeed. After boot camp you will will do more training. You will have to do Infantry One Station Unit Training (OSUT). Initial Training in this MOS is primarily conducted through one station unit training , which combines basic training and job training into one single course of instruction. OSUT for 11B, Infantryman is 13 weeks, 3 days at Fort Benning. After all that training, you will be stationed somewh ere. There is a thing called a deployment phase where the physical movement of individuals and units from their home installation to the designated theater of operations. People say that this phase can be very stressful for service members because that means service members and their families have to face the realities of a deployment and what that means for them. Usually deployment means that they will have military duties in support of a mission overseas or within the United States. Typically US Army deployments to conflict zones (Afghan, Korea, Bosnia, etc.) are one year, but the range is usually between 6 months or little over a year. But about 80% of the jobs in the military are non-combat occupations. But since I’m going for infantry man I will probably see combat. As of December 2011, roughly 73 percent of active component soldiers had deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan. And i’ve told people that I wanted to do infantryman and all they do is make fun of me saying, â€Å"You realize that the military isn’t like call of duty?†. And everytime they say that it used to make me mad and bring me down. But now when people tell me that all it does is just motivate me even more into joining The Army. And the reason why it motivates me now is because of The Army recruiter. When I was talking to him at the college fair he told me that he was just like me but he found his motivation and I thought that was the most inspiring thing ever. It made me realize that I should never give up on something I really want to do. So when I did my research on the Army I saw that only 136,000 out of 33 million young Americans will join the army. And that is such a low number. People should really take into consideration that the Army can do so much for you and that there is a whole bunch of jobs in the Army. Most people think, â€Å"Oh I’m not trying to get shot and die†. When in reality it all depends what you want to do in the Army. You can be a engineer, doctor, aircraft technician and so much more.

Uses of Radiation in Medical Industry Free Essays

Uses of Radiation in the Medical Industry Although scientists have only known about radiation since the 1890s, they have developed a wide variety of uses for this natural force. Today, to benefit humankind, radiation is used in medicine, academics, and industry, as well as for generating electricity. In addition, radiation has uses in such areas as agriculture, space exploration, law enforcement, geology and many others. We will write a custom essay sample on Uses of Radiation in Medical Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, in the medical industry, radiation is used for x-rays, therapeutic uses, and in nuclear medicine procedures. The most common of these medical procedures involve the use of x-rays — a type of radiation that can pass through our skin. When x-rayed, our bones and other structures cast shadows because they are denser than our skin, and those shadows can be detected on photographic film. The effect is similar to placing a pencil behind a piece of paper and holding the pencil and paper in front of a light. The shadow of the pencil is revealed because most light has enough energy to pass through the paper, but the denser pencil stops all the light. The difference is that x-rays are invisible, so we need photographic film to â€Å"see† them for us. This allows doctors and dentists to spot broken bones and dental problems. X-rays and other forms of radiation also have a variety of therapeutic uses. When used in this way, they are most often intended to kill cancerous tissue, reduce the size of a tumor, or reduce pain For example, radioactive iodine is frequently used to treat thyroid cancer, a disease that strikes about 11,000 Americans every year. While it’s killing the cancer, radiation therapy also can damage normal cells. The good news is that normal cells are more likely to recover from the effects of radiation. Doctors take precautions to protect a person’s healthy cells when they’re giving radiation treatments. Although most therapeutic uses of radiation involve the treatment of cancer, therapeutic doses may also be used to treat conditions such as clogged blood vessels. In addition, hospitals and radiology centers perform approximately 10 million nuclear medicine procedures in the United States each year. Nuclear medicine procedures record radiation emitting from the patient’s body rather than emit radiation that is directed through the patient’s body. In such procedures, doctors administer slightly radioactive substances, called radiopharmaceuticals, to patients, which are attracted to certain internal organs such as the pancreas, kidney, thyroid, liver, or brain, to diagnose clinical conditions. Nuclear medicine is primarily used for diagnosis of diseases, but it can be used to treat disease as well. Therapeutic uses include treatment of hyperthyroidism and pain relief from certain types of bone cancers. There are many uses of radiation in medicine. X-rays, therapeutic uses, and nuclear medicine are just some ways radiation is used in the medical industry. The most well known is from of radiation is using x rays to see whether bones are broken. However, radiation therapy is also well-known for the treatment of disease or cancer. Lastly, radiation in nuclear medicine is used to identify abnormalities very early in the progress of a disease. How to cite Uses of Radiation in Medical Industry, Essay examples

Artificial Intelligence System

Question: Discuss about the Artificial Intelligence System. Answer: Introduction Artificial Intelligence is an area of computer science that emphasizes in creating intelligent machines that behave and react like human being. The technology has become an important part of todays industry. Research related with artificial intelligence is highly technical and specialized. Computers are designed with artificial intelligence in order to provide services like research, learning, planning and problem solving etc. (Hoffart et al., 2013). The main aim of AI is to understand the principle that helps in making the behavior intelligent through natural or artificial systems. This is possible through Natural and artificial agent analysis, Hypothesis that helps in constructing intelligent agents and through Computational systems. The researcher had used highly technical and specialized data in order to discuss the topic. Literature survey, applications of artificial intelligence, its future trends have been discussed in this report by the researcher Literature Survey on Artificial Intelligence According to Nilsson (2014), AI systems are used by engineers in order solve a large range of intractable problems. The level of AI increases with the level of competency in order to deal with difficult and with even more dangerous tasks which are done by humans in the form of artificial intelligence. The main advantage of the technology is that they are real time automated system but they support various types of techniques and methodologies including control theory. Whenever new and undiscovered lands like planets are explored, AI systems can be used because they work like a machine which does not have emotions. The main architecture, techniques, algorithm that is used for distributed AI systems includes control and decision support system. Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence for Gaming (Source: Millington Funge, 2016, 527) On the other hand Millington and Funge (2016) discussed that there is no doubt that the technology can perform the entire task in a better way than humans, but the use of AI systems can cause harm. With the use of AI systems, unemployment is increasing at a faster rate. People are becoming jobless and as a result the technology has become the cause of mental illness and obesity for many human beings. The technology can cause massive destruction if it is used by wrong hands. As stated by Nastase and Strube (2013), AI machines can be able to do everything that is essentially required. One most important advantage of using artificial intelligence is that they do fewer mistakes as compared to human beings. They can act as 24/7 for childrens who are actually suffering from disabilities. Artificial intelligence helps in learning and teaching. It can be used as a fire alarming system in order to avoid crime. Figure 2: Type of Machine Learning (Artificial Intelligence) (Source: Nastase Strube, 2013, pp- 81) On the other hand Millington and Funge (2016) stated that the organizations are fully dependent on AI systems. As a result if any problem occurs in the system then the system will create a huge problem as there is no backup technology in store of the organization, which they can use in need. The machine lacks the feeling of togetherness and sympathy, as they are a form of machine which works as human beings but they are actually not humans. Application of Artificial Intelligence There are many application of artificial intelligence. The applications are: An AI technique is used in natural language understanding: The AI technology is used in image processing. The main aim of image processing is to identify the relation between different parts of an image. This is done by attaching a camera to a computer, so a computer can easily access visual images (Milne Witten, 2013). This facility is given to the computers so that they can easily access and understand their surroundings. An AI technique is used in Network Intrusion Detection: Intrusion Detection System (IDS) technology uses various types of Artificial Intelligence technique in order to protect the computer and communication system from intrude (Nilsson, 2014). The system mainly helps in monitoring the events that mainly occurs in network and it also helps in designing and detecting the signs of intrusion. An AI technique is used in medical area: AI systems have the potential to be applied in any field of medical science. It is used in medical area as: As fuzzy expert system in medicine In medicine, AI is used as evolutionary computation (Milne Witten, 2013) For medical image classification, AI technology is used An AI technique is used in Accounting Database: The problem in accounting database can be mitigated by using artificial technology. The main problem that is with accounting database is that humans cannot understand the process of computerized database. Integrating AI systems with the databases helps in assisting in investigation. The investigation includes large volumes data with or without the help of any decision maker (Hoffart et al., 2013). Thus, the system helps in analyzing and assisting the data for the users understanding and interpretation. By using artificial intelligence, information can be stored and retrieved in natural language. There are various techniques that are present in the system for assisting broader understanding of the events that are captured by the accounting systems (Hovy et al. 2013). The AI technology and the expert system works together helps in building the intelligence into the database for assisting the users. An AI technique is used in the Computer Games: A Computer game generally uses three dimensional games and complex worlds (Nastase Strube (2013). When AI technology is put together with graphics rendering, then an expected worthwhile computer games can be produced. AI technology is one of the main parts of computer games. With the use of artificial intelligence computer games have became interesting (Charniak et al., 2014). The AI system is mainly used in order to solve some of the problems that are related with computer games. Unit movement, analysis of the situation, learning, spatial reasoning, coordination with the group, allocation of resource and target selection are some of the units were AI mainly contributes. An AI technique is used in Natural language Understanding: AI technology is used for understanding different natural languages. In this system an effective programming is used in the computer. The program sets commands and accordingly the system works (Hoffart et al., 2013). The main aim of the system is to enable people and language rather doing the same with the help of a programming language. An AI technique is used in Aviation: The technology is used in aviation in order to collect data from different flights. The technology uses programs for collecting and distributing information (Milne Witten, 2013). The main aim of the system is to measure the performance of the system which is a type of fault analysis. Future Trends of Artificial Intelligence In the next 10 years, AI will be able to communicate with human being in unstructured English which can be a text or voice. The other future trends of AI include: Information processing will be parallel: The system is aided with the help of chips custom for designing AI application in order to process large amount of data (Millington Funge, 2016) Smarter gets redefined: This occurs with the advances in sensor, cloud and learning technology (Baarslag et al., 2013). Deep Learning: It includes processing of data that are raw. The raw data includes pictures, speech, natural language etc. Conclusion It is concluded from the report that with the help of the artificial intelligence, information can be stored and retrieved. It is discussed that the different set of techniques that are present in the system for assisting broader understanding of the events. With the use of artificial intelligence computer games have became interesting. The analyzer concludes that the AI system is mainly used in order to solve some of the problems that are related with computer games. In IDS technology uses various types of Artificial Intelligence technique for protecting the computer and communication system from intrusion. The system mainly helps in monitoring the events that mainly occurs in network and it also helps in designing and detecting the signs of intrusion. References Baarslag, T., Fujita, K., Gerding, E. H., Hindriks, K., Ito, T., Jennings, N. R., ... Williams, C. R. (2013). Evaluating practical negotiating agents: Results and analysis of the 2011 international competition.Artificial Intelligence,198, 73-103. Charniak, E., Riesbeck, C. K., McDermott, D. V., Meehan, J. R. (2014).Artificial intelligence programming. Psychology Press Hoffart, J., Suchanek, F. M., Berberich, K., Weikum, G. (2013). YAGO2: A spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia.Artificial Intelligence,194, 28-61. Hoffart, J., Suchanek, F. M., Berberich, K., Weikum, G. (2013). YAGO2: A spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia.Artificial Intelligence,194, 28-61. Hovy, E., Navigli, R., Ponzetto, S. P. (2013). Collaboratively built semi-structured content and Artificial Intelligence: The story so far.Artificial Intelligence,194, 2-27. Michalski, R. S., Carbonell, J. G., Mitchell, T. M. (Eds.). (2013).Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science Business Media. Millington, I., Funge, J. (2016).Artificial intelligence for games. CRC Press. Millington, I., Funge, J. (2016).Artificial intelligence for games. CRC Press. Milne, D., Witten, I. H. (2013). An open-source toolkit for mining Wikipedia.Artificial Intelligence,194, 222-239. Nastase, V., Strube, M. (2013). Transforming Wikipedia into a large scale multilingual concept network.Artificial Intelligence,194, 62-85. Nilsson, N. J. (2014).Principles of artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann

What is Beauty Alice Walker Essay Example For Students

What is Beauty Alice Walker Essay In her autobiographical story Alice Walker tells about how after the accident of losing sight in one eye she was never the same. At the young age of eight she was above all others in wit, looks, and talents. I think that the loss of her sight is not what blinded her most, but her unwillingness to except what had happened. Over that next six years she would not ever hold her head up, Alice found that children were mean, they couldn t live with her difference and neither could she. During her sophomore year of high school she had the ugly scar tissue removed, now all that was left was a thin glass like line. Soon after her life turned around. She had her first boy friend and she earned valedictorian of her class. Beauty comes from the inside; Alice found you are only as beautiful as you think, and the pain only hurts as long as you let it. There are as many ideas of beauty as there are number of people. As Alice was laying her baby girl to sleep she stared into Alice’s eyes and said Mommy there is a world in your eye! We will write a custom essay on What is Beauty Alice Walker specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Never before did she look at it in this way. The question always was did I change after the accident?. Every choice that you make every experience that you go thought is what makes you one of a kind. Alice had it hard enough she thought, growing up in the 1940 s as a black girl. Now with this extra burden it was the straw that broke the camel back. Alice had it hard enough with her burdening eye, she believed that she did not deserve this, she asked what did I ever do? Alice Walker felt that her life was over, but amazingly she endured to become a famous writer. Alice said she is beautiful, whole and free and she is also me. This is the first time that she really believed that she was beautiful. What would happen if each and every person that you meet were the same? The reason that people love to meet people is the unknown feeling and their curiosity. One of the points that Alice made me realize is that a problem only hurts you as long as you let it hurt. Alice Walker is an amazing person to go on with her life. I know that this must has been a tortuous experience to endure. After reading this essay, I think that you can not look a beauty in the same way. But if this would have happened to me, I would have not dwelled on my loss but on my gain. In many ways she could see the world in a different way, this has made Alice walker an outstanding writer, with a unique point of view. What first came to mind when I read this story was something that my mother once told me beauty is in the eye of the beholder .

Censorship of pornography essays

Censorship of pornography essays The censorship of pornography has been an issue under constant debate in our society. There are many arguments for and against the censorship of pornographic materials. Advocates for freedom of expression feel that increased censorship violates many basic human rights and consequently may harm our society. They believe in personal choice and that any action is lawful as long as it brings no harm to others. Supporters of an increase in censorship are rooted in the belief that such material may cause direct and/or indirect detriments to society. They believe that enabling people, primarily men, to view degrading and violent material to women, and sometimes children, will increase their likelihood of them acting out on women and children and make the world a more dangerous place for those groups to live. The purpose of this essay is to present the issues of those who are for censorship and those who are opposed to it and to present some of the arguments they put forth to support the ir position on the subject. Those groups who are opposed to censorship include Liberals and Feminists, more specifically radical libertarian feminists. Liberals oppose any abridgment of the freedom of speech through government censorship, regulation or control of communications, which includes books, magazines, movies, the internet and pornography. Liberals believe that the censorship of pornography is a violation of the liberty of expression and freedom of speech that every person is entitled to. Liberals believe that a person should be free to do whatever he or she chooses to do as long as it does not harm themselves or any other individuals. For Liberals, pornography is encompassed within this Harm Principle. They believe that those people who make pornographic videos should be able to do so as long has it is done in a lawful way and does not cause harm to others, stores should be able to rent and sell the pornographic videos without ...

Marketing strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing strategy - Essay Example One of Porsche’s unique selling points is its engine design and care should have been taken in this regard. Given the heavy losses the company suffered as a result of the introduction of the 928 model, there was a need for a new product strategy. The BCG Matrix was an effective tool for this situation. This portfolio planning method recognizes the need to reposition products in the portfolio to achieve cash flow and profitability. According to the Boston Consulting Group, 928 would have been regarded as a dog because of its low growth rate and low market share. Although 928 may generate enough cash, possibly to break even, it’s simple not worth the investment. Therefore Porsche’s strategy to divest the 928 model and to pump more money in a more promising investment say the 911, was a very sound approach. â€Å"Porsche purists are wary every time a new incarnation of 911 is unveiled. Will there be a change of look, feel, and sound? Porsche’s 911 is going to be made forever, or possibly longer. This is because the company does not know how to end it, only how to make a new one every few years (3)† The use of the product life cycle would have been of interest to the luxury sports car company when deciding its advertising and extension strategies. The 911 model existed at the maturity stage and the failure for the 928 to pick up sales forced the company to reposition and redesign the 911 model over a period of time. So far these strategies were successful, however an important point which Porsche should be aware of is that extension strategies are short term measures and not permanent in nature. In spite of this fact, each product life cycle for each car model is different and therefore its usefulness as a forecasting tool for Porsche may be limited. The Porsche brand developed over the years. There is the belief, however, that the introduction of recent brands

Business of Roadtrippers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business of Roadtrippers - Essay Example This is the most attractive service that the enterprise provides to its customers. Roadtrippers has evolved as a partner for the individuals interested in taking a road trip and also remains by the side of the travelers during the whole trip. It is a web-based software application in which the customer can mention the starting and the destination of his choice, and the application will map the route the traveler may follow. The customer can also customize the proposed route according to the places he or she chooses to visit along the route within 10 to 50 miles of radius. Presently, a majority of the population owns a smartphone and since the application is also available on the smartphones as well as on the recently launched Apple watch, customers can easily access the site while traveling. The application also calculates the approximate cost of fuel that will be incurred while covering the whole trip. It also facilitates the customers by providing the updated cost of fuel if the customer adds some changes to the trip. Road-trippers’ unique value proposition involves its unique approach towards making road trips, usage of advanced communication technologies, possessing a team of experts in the fields of engineering, business development, product designer, writer, data science and mobile application development. There are various software applications where the customer can consult to decide the route of their trip, but the Roadtrippers along with indicating the route for the road trips also plots the accommodations, food and drink outlets, attractive side scenes, national parks and other interesting spots along the chosen route within 10 to 50 miles of radius. The company has partnered with Google maps initially and now with Mapbox, to perform its services. The company also provides turn to turn directly to the customers and thus they do not need to stop in between and ask for the guidance.  

Performance Audit of China

Performance Audit of China Performance Audit China EMPIRICAL REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT IN CHINA AND DEVELOPED WESTERN COUNTRIES AND MEASURES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF PERFOMORNACE AUDITING WORK IN CHINA INTRODUCTION OF THE DISSERTATION The performance audit is a recent expansion in audit scope within these 30 years. Now it is one of the most important and flourishing areas for government audit work in China. The aim of this dissertation is to give a holistic and comparative review on the rising and development of performance audit in Western Countries and China, study the challenges faced by audit institutions in China, and give recommendations and suggestions to audit institutions in the development of performance audit from a scientific and development point of view. This dissertation has five parts: The first chapter will begin with the rising of performance audit in Western Countries and the definition coined by International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (hereinafter referred as INTOSAI). A comparison with performance evaluation or performance monitor will be made, and the relationship between performance audit and other forms of audit, such as financial audit, environmental audit and management audit will also be reviewed. In the second part, it will give a holistic view of the performance audit in China National Audit Office (hereinafter referred as CNAO) and audit institutions at all other levels, from the rising of performance audit in China, to legal mandate, to the audit objects and areas which covered, to the audit focus of performance audit. In the third chapter, the current status of performance audit in UK, USA, Canada and Sweden will be scanned. The legal mandate given, the audit areas covered, audit methods employed, the resource allocation will be reviewed and compared. The advanced experience in the performance audit area will be concluded. Chapter 4 of this essay is an investigation of the challenges faced by government audit in China in performance auditing. The risks in political system and macroeconomic environment will be discussed. The interior flaws such as the lack of competences of auditors, the shortage of standard or guidelines will also be talked about. In the last chapter, suggestions and recommendations in how to improve performance audit in the context of current China will be given from both the macro and micro aspects. The Desk study based on a review of the literature is deployed. A large number of books and articles about performance audit manuals, annual reports and handbooks produced by SAIs of some developed countries and China will be categorized and analyzed. INTRODUCTION OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT The Rising of Performance Audit in Western Countries As one of the oldest and venerable state functions, audit has a history of thousand years. However, the performance audit has risen and become a large scale and self-consciously distinct practice within the latest thirty years. It is a modern, challenging and fascinating form of audit, and is treated as a separate and professional activity that requires specialized skills and standards. Over almost exactly the same period as performance audit has emerged as a distinct variant of audit, the government of developed countries, such as Western Europe, United States of American, Canada, Australia and United Kingdom, have embarked upon series of public management reforms, which is so called ‘New Public Management’. ‘Most of the public management reform initiatives emphasized a shift from control of imputes and processes to the new form s of control based on the measurement of outputs and outcomes.’ (Christopher Pollitt et al, Performance or Compliance, P195). Previously, the administrative system emphasized on the correct allocation of public finances to appropriate budget lines, the compliance of the use of resources, and conformity of actions with prescribed procedures. The new approaches aimed at modernizing and streamlining the public management process, and giving more flexibility in respect of inputs. Although the details of the reform programs differed from one country to another, most of them highlights on: firstly, increasing the productivity of public services, i.e., raising efficiency; secondly, the convenience and preferences of its users; thirdly, the transparency of public services, which is assumed as a feature of democratic governance. Both singly and collectively, these new attributes considerably changed the ways in which public management system has been run in the past. To adapt to the new system, the major priority of monitoring and control was shifted from the values of economy towards the value of efficiency and effectiveness and emphasized more on the monitoring and evaluation of outputs and outcomes. The auditors should not only stress on the ‘three Es’ (economy, efficiency, and effectiveness), but also using creative methodology to access to responsiveness and user satisfaction by directly consulting them. They should also devote to the safeguarding of public accountability and assurance. Due to the diversity in mandate and scope of the audit, in the United States, this new form of audit is called ‘performance audit’, while in the United Kingdom, it is labeled as ‘value for money audit’ (VFM audit). ‘Comprehensive audit’ is what is called in Canada. Definition of Performance Audit This definition can be provided in many ways. It can be given by clarifying the distinction between performance audit and other related forms of audit, or by mandates and organizational framework which define the performance audit work done, or simply by describing what different SAIs do when they say they are conducting performance audit. The most widely accepted definition is the one coined by INTOSAI: ‘The full scope of government auditing includes regularity and performance audit’, and ‘Performance auditing is concerned with the audit of economy, efficiency and effectiveness and embraces: (a) Audit of the economy of administrative activities in accordance with sound administrative principles and practices, and management policies; (b) Audit of the efficiency of utilization of human, financial and other resources, including examination of information systems, performance measures and monitoring arrangements, and procedures followed by audited entities for remedying identified deficiencies; and (c) Audit of the effectiveness of performance in relation to achievement of the objectiveness of the audited entity, and audit of the actual impact of activities compared with the intended impact’. (INTOSAI’s Auditing Standards, 1.0.38 and 1.0.40) Within this definition, not only ‘three Es’, but also ‘sound administrative principles’, ‘good management’ are referred as criteria for judgment. In the definition given by the Australian National Audit Office, ‘legislative and policy compliance’ is also been taken as one of the consideration for performance audit. In the Auditing standard of The Government Accountability Office, which was revised in 2007, performance audit objectives may vary widely and include assessments of program effectiveness, economy, and efficiency; internal control; compliance; and prospective analyses. As described in the Performance audit manual of Office of Audit General of Canada, the scope includes not only the examination of three Es, but also environmental effects of government activities, procedures to measure effectiveness, accountability relationships, protection of public assets and compliance with authorities. The Relationship between Performance Audit and Regularity Audit In accordance with the INTOSAI auditing standards, ‘the full scope of the government audit includes regularity and performance audit’. The regularity audit emphasizes on attestation of financial accountability and probity and propriety of administrative decisions. Its core activity is to verify information, whereas the major task of the performance audit is inspection and evaluation of the government programs and organizations. For some countries, performance audit differed from the traditional audit in the way they are managed: the traditional audit is usually carried out in a standardized way as a repeated annual cycle of ‘checking the books ’, performance audit, on the contrary, is organized as serial of individually tailored projects varied in their scope, length and focus. The Performance audit is an independent examination made on a non-recurring basis. Specialized skills, separate standards, special planning, and special reports are required. Another difference between the two types of audit is the extent of standardization. The Performance audit, in comparison to financial audit, has a lower level of standardization in terms of both auditing methods and contents. Within its legal mandate, performance audit must be free to examine all government activities from different perspectives. Thus, the performance audit is more flexible in the choice of subjects, audit objects, audit methodology and making recommendations. Moreover, in financial audits, auditors will tend to judge the transactions being ‘correct ‘or ‘incorrect’, ‘legal’ or ‘illegal’, so the criteria the auditors used is relatively clear and fixed. However, for performance audits, the criteria is chosen is normally open and sometimes, formulated by auditors. In spite of above mentioned differences, in audit practices, the line between these two types of audit is not always clear. For instance, the audit of a financial management system can be both a process in traditional audit and performance audit. Practical examples from some SAIs also show the same result. Comparing Performance Audit with Performance Evaluation Both performance evaluation and performance audit are viewed closely related as external forms of analysis and assessment of the programs or organizations. Performance evaluation is a systematic study of how well a program or policy is working and what can be done to improve its results. It is typically commissioned for the purposes defined by the commissioners to provide in a program management cycle. In recent years, the program or policy evaluation is deemed as an important work for a SAI under a general heading of the performance audit, according to the study result of a working group on program evaluation, ‘it seeks to analyze the relationship between the objectives, resources, and results of a policy or program.’ GAO of the US defined four common types of program evaluations in performance audit, which are process evaluation, outcome evaluation, impact evaluation and cost –benefit cost- effectiveness evaluations. PERFORMANCE AUDIT IN CHINA History of Government Audit in China The auditing supervision system in China can be traced to the beginning days of the dynasties. As early as Western Zhou Dynasty, about 3,000 years from now, an official position named as Zaifu was established with the function of performing audit duties and regarded as a rudimentary form of auditing in China. In modern China, after the 59 years after the founding of People’s Republic of China, the audit work in China went through two different stages. First stage was from 1949 to 1982. No formal and independent audit institutions were established in the first 30 years. The supervision of state financial revenues and expenditures was mainly conducted by internal supervisory bodies of Departments of Public Finance. During that period, the central government and some local governments set up audit institutions within the financial departments and assigned audit personnel to carry out the audit work. However, it was not long that the financial inspection institutions. The second stage started with the provision of formal audit supervision since 1983. The full scale implementation of reform and open-up policy called for efforts to strengthen the supervision on financial administration, establish and improve economic supervision mechanisms. In December 1982, the 5th Plenary Session of the 5th National People’s Congress adopted the resolution to introduce an auditing system in China. The new Constitution made a general provision for the role, mandate, basic principle and administrative system for the audit work. In September 1983, the National Audit Office of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the CNAO) was established. Local governments at all levels above county level also set up their local audit institutions in succession. The Audit Law of the People’s Republic of China was formally promulgated in August 1994, which was an important milestone in the audit legal system building. An audit supervision system with Chinese characteristics was built up. Since the establishment of the audit institutions, audit supervision made great contribution to the rigorous enforcement of financial and economic disciplines and has played an irreplaceable role in facilitating healthy development of the national economy, promoting the building of a clean government. As the supreme audit institution of China, the CNAO is a department of the government and directly under the leadership of the Premier. ‘Its main duty is to formulate the audit strategy, organize and administer audit work nationwide and reports its work to the State Council. Local audit institutions, under the dual leadership of the administrative heads of their corresponding level governments and the audit institutions at their next higher levels, organize and manage the audit work within their jurisdiction. Their audit work is mainly under the direction of audit institutions at the next higher levels, and they are legally required to report to their corresponding level governments as well as the next higher level audit institutions in keeping with the principle that independence is an indispensable feature of a successful audit.’ Audit directly conducted by the CNAO covers the following areas: (Audit Law, Article 18 to 25) ‘ Under the leadership of the Premier of the State Council, exercise supervision through auditing over the implementation of the budget of the Central Government as well as other revenues and expenditures, and submit audit reports thereof to the Premier; Revenues and expenditures of the Central Bank, assets, liabilities, profits and losses of central monetary institutions; Carrying out audit supervision over the financial revenues and expenditures of public institutions of the State and other public organizations using fiscal capital Revenues and expenditures of central government owned enterprises and enterprises where state assets dominate or predominate; Revenues and expenditures related to funds managed by relevant departments of the State Council; Revenues and expenditures of projects with loans and assistance from international organizations and foreign governments. ’ During the past 25 years, audit work in China has made great strides forward and scored remarkable achievements. Audit supervision has become an important and indispensable part of the national supervision system. The social impact of audit is becoming steadily stronger. The Rising of Performance Audit in China Vigorously launching performance audit is an important task set by both the Strategic Plan of the Development of Audit Work for 2003 to 2007 and the one for 2006 to 2010. It is a major move for audit institutions to implement the scientific outlook on development, to comprehensively perform their duties in accordance with law, and to vigorously push forward the building of resource-saving- type society, as a response to the summon of the central government. In the history of the CNAO, finding problems of violation of laws and regulations and of embezzlement and corruption is always considered the most important role. However, with the development of social economy and democracy, there is another problem worthy of notice. That is low value for the use of funds and losses and wastes, due to faulty decisions and maladministration .This kind of problem does not often attract too much of the people’s attention. But, in fact, it would bring about much more serious harm than embezzlement and corruption. Take ‘Image Project’ for example, the construction of project would take up a large amount of Funds of public finance, and yet, it is unable able to bring about benefit to the lives of the ordinary people and it also in no way plays a role in accelerating the economic constructions across the whole nation. Actually, it is just a kind of waste of resource According to the statistics of IMF (World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund, April 2008), until the end of 2007, GDP per capita of China has reached US$2,360. Moreover, in the most vigorous economy developments area, east provinces in China, GDP per capita has reached US$6000, which means this area had crossed the threshold of initial stage of modernization. From the historical perspective of the development of international government audit, US$3,000 GDP per capita represents the stage of rapid development of performance audit practices in the advanced west countries, such as Sweden, United Kingdom, during the 60 to 70s of the 20th century. Such a period is also a time prone to social contradictions and problems and in particular, a crucial time characterized by quick changes in the form of economic growth in the economic system and speedy social reconstruction. The Chinese government is making great efforts in self-improvement and strength public administration. Accountability and performance are the key elements and areas of the concern in the concept of modern public administration. It has been aware that the work and accomplishments of the government still fall somewhat short of what circumstances require and the people expect. The functions of government have not been completely transformed and public administration and public services are still weak. Some government departments have been overlapping responsibilities, their powers and responsibilities are not well matched, some try to shirk their responsibilities, and their performance is poor. The problems of formalism and bureaucratic behavior are fairly common, and fraud, extravagance and waste are quite serious. Oversight mechanisms and checks on government authority are not strongly expected. Performance audit is also the inevitable necessary outcome in the promotion of democracy and the rule of law. The citizens are more and more concerning the public administration issues, and paying more attention on the transparent and efficiency on the use of public fund. As an independent oversight institution, the CNAO was attached with great importance on the supervision of the shifting of government functions to a more energetic public management and social services, and the gradual transformation of the government from the traditional mode characterized by managing everything by itself, to a government with limited functions, which is more transparent and accountable and service-oriented. Current Status of Performance Audit in China The Article 1 of Audit Law, which came into effect on 1 June 2006,gave the legal authority of audit institutions for the implementing of performance audit. It says ‘Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution, with a view to strengthening State supervision through auditing, maintaining the fiscal and economic order of the country, improving the efficiency in the use of government funds, promoting the building of a clean government and ensuring the sound development of the national economy and society.’ (Audit Law, Article 1) However, even before the promulgation of the new amended audit law, the performance audit practices have existed in China since the beginning of 90s of twentieth century: The first stage is from the beginning of 90s to the middle of it. During that time of period, the performance audit was mainly carried out for the performance outcomes of state- owned enterprises. According to statistics, in 1984, the very next year the audit insinuations at all levels were formed, during the process of traditional financial audits for 1263 enterprise, economy and efficiency of these enterprises draw attention of the auditors. Among the financial impact of the auditing findings of 3 billion RMB Yuan, nearly 1 billion was caused by the less economic and efficient use of funds. It was stated in the Annual National Audit Work meeting in 1991 that ‘audit institutions at all levels should identify some large- or medium- sized stated-owned enterprises as regular auditees. The audit scopes not only include the truth and fairness of financial revenues and expenditures, but also extend to the test of internal control and performance outcomes. Proper audit evaluation should be made to improve the economic efficiency’ (The Memo of Annual National Audit Work Meeting, 1991). Statistics show that during the ten years after the formation of CNAO, the total financial impact of the performance audit to these state- owned enterprises totaled to 21.1 billion RMB Yuan. From the middle of 90s, the performance audit in China turned to a brand new stage. At this stage, the audit scope shifted from the state-owned enterprises to the major investment projects funded by the government. The emphasis of the audits is put on the economic benefits to the efficiency and effectiveness of these projects. During this time, the performance audit practices were conducted during the audit of major investment projects such as the project of Conversion of Farmland to Forest, the Fund Use of Migration in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, and the Construction of Airports. With the implementation of performance audit methodology, it was not only the problems but also the root causes of these problems were revealed, which had a profound impact in the society. The criteria on the selection of audit topics are: The projects which are heavily invested by the government and great attention were paid by the national congress and the taxpayers. The availability of the resources in terms of the competences of auditors and budget; The timeliness which are closely relevant to the current public administration reform. As well, audit institutions, in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State, carry out supervision through auditing the principal leading persons of government departments and of other units as to compliance about the financial revenues, expenditures and the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of relevant economic activities of their districts during their terms of office. This is a type of comprehensive audit which integrates the compliance and performance audit. From January to November of 2007, the total input in terms of human resources in audit institutions at all levels had amounted to one quarter of the total, which is ten percent higher than the same period of last year. Among the 30 audit projects launched by the CNAO, half of them were performance audit projects, which covered the major infrastructure investments at a national level such as South-to-north Water Transfer Projects, special funds on Disaster Rescue, and projects financed by foreign governments and international agencies. Besides, Performance evaluation is also integrated in the traditional audit areas, such as budget implementation audit. Hereby, the volume of performance audit work amounted to two thirds of the total of the CNAO, also showed a ten percent rise in comparison to 2006. (The Memo of Annual National Audit Work Meeting, 2008) The focuses of these performance audit projects are not only to disclose the improper policy decisions, the waste in public expenditures and infrastructure projects, but also to reveal the details in information security, the quality of constructions, environmental and ecological protections. Only within the 11 months from January to November in 2007, the financial impact on waste amounted to 27.1 billion RMB Yuan, and accordingly the investment on construction was reduced by 29.1 billion RMB Yuan. CURRENT SITUATION OF PERFORMANCE AUDIT IN UK, USA, CANADA AND SWEDEN With the intent of giving a picture of the performance audit framework of the above four countries and making a comparison with Chinese National Audit Office, the performance audit mandates, the audit scope, the resources employed and the audit criteria deployed of and by these SAIs will be investigated in this part. Performance Audit in UK The National Audit Office (NAO) of United Kingdom has existed in its present form since 1983, but the public audit function in United Kingdom central government has a much longer history and used to be taken by the former Exchequer and Audit Department. NAO is independent from the government and works on behalf of the Parliament and the taxpayers to hold government to account for the utilization of public funds, provide independent analysis and assurance to Parliament and to help to improve public services performance. In UK, a value for money examination is defined as ‘the assessment of performance, identifies good practice and recommends improvements to economy (keeping costs down), efficiency (getting more output for what is spent) and effectiveness (delivering the desired results)’( Annual Report of NAO, 2008, P10), that is ‘3 E’ audit. Performance audit practice has a long history under the instruction of the Parliament, especially, the Committee of Public Accounts, however, until 1983, no statutory authority was given to this new type of audit. In 1983, performance audit has been established as a distinct form of audit through National Audit Law, which gave a new foundation for the new National Audit Office’s value for money audits. The major value for money reports produced by NAO focuses on how specific government projects, programmes and activities have been implemented. They examine the way policies have been put into effect and assess whether that represents value for money for the taxpayer. Just like Office of Audit General of Canada, no comment should be made on the policy itself. The topics under examination are identified by monitoring and analysing risks to value for money across the sheer range of government expenditure. NAO also try to keep our performance study topics flexible to accommodate emerging issues. Besides, proposals from Members of Parliament and in particular from members of the Committee of Public Accounts are also been taken careful account. Each year, around 50 values for money reports are delivered and investigated to the Parliament and the Committee of Public Accounts. ‘In 2007, NAO produced 60 value for money report, and the verified financial impacts of these reports amounted to  £656 million, an increase of  £74million over last year, which also representing a return of over  £9 for every  £1 expenditure of running the National Audit Office. ‘(Annual Report of NAO, 2008, P4) Ultimately, it is for the Comptroller and Auditor General to decide which studies should be undertaken. In terms of fund resources, about a quarter of the NAO budget, which amounted to  £25.2 million, was spent on value for money audit, delivering the main programmes of assurance to the House of Commons. In terms of human resources, 238 of staffs, out of the total 845, are employed for the value for money audit purpose. Sustainability was also a feature of other reports during the year. The report on the Thames Gateway disclosed that the Government’s vision for high quality, low carbon footprint, and sustainable developments in the region had not yet been translated into clear objectives, local strategies or developed plans. Performance Audit in USA The Government Accounting Office of United Stated was established in 1921. GAO is an independent, nonpartisan, professional services agency in the legislative branch working for the Congress, and commonly known as the ‘audit and investigative arm of the Congress’ or the ‘congressional watchdog’. GAO examines how taxpayer dollars are spent and advise lawmakers and agency heads on ways to make government work better. After World War II GAO began to perform more comprehensive audits that examined on only the financial compliance but also the economy and efficiency of government operations. By the 1960s, GAO had begun to perform the new type of audit, performance audit, which aimed to examine whether government programs meets their objectives. In 1970, the Bureau of the Budget and GAO agreed to establish government auditing standards. In 1972, the Comptroller General issued the first edition of the Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, and Activities Functions, which was known as the Yellow Book. In this yellow book, GAO decided to extend its audit scope to performance audit, and defined its audit goals as: check the financial activities and their compliances with current laws and regulations; the economy and effectiveness of administration works; Furthermore, their effectiveness in reality. During the last 20 years, GAO has sought to improve accountability by alerting policymakers and the public to emerging problems throughout government. Effective July 7, 2004, the GAOs legal name changed to the Government Accountability Office. The change better reflects that GAO has become the modern professional services organization. The mission of GAO is ‘to support the Congress in meeting its constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government for the benefit of the American people’. Not like SAI in other countries, GAO is a legislative branch agency, so it is exempt from many laws that apply to the executive branch agencies. However, it generally obeys the spirit of many of the laws, including Federal Managers’ Financial Integrity Act, the Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, and the Federal Financial Management Improvement Act of 1996. The Federal Managers’ Financial Integrity Act emphases ongoing evaluations and annual reports to assure the adequacy of the internal accounting and administrative control of each agency. For the seeking of improving public confidence in federal agency performance, the Government Performance and Results Act 1993 requires that ‘federally funded agencies should develop and implement accountability systems based on performance measurement, including setting goals and objectives and measuring progress toward achieving them’. The Federal Financial Management Improvement Act 1996 stresses on ‘improving federal financial management by requiring that federal agencies implement and maintain financial management systems that comply with the requirements of federal financial management systems, applicable federal accounting standards, and the U.S. Government Standard General Ledger.’ In later years, GAO gave the ‘yellow book’ a more concise title, Government Auditing Standards, and updated periodically. In the latest revision of the auditing standards in December 2007, it emphases on ‘enhancing performance audit standards that elaborate on the overall framework for high-quality performance auditing, including reasonable assurance and its relationship to audit risk, and the levels of evidence used to support audit findings and conclusion. GAO performs a series of oversight-, insight-, and foresight-related engagements, a vast majority of which are conducted in response to congressional mandates or requests. GAO’s audit scope includes financial and management audits, evaluations of federal programs and performance, policy analyses, legal o

Bleeding Kansas

In this paper I will point out some events leading to Bleeding Kansas, one of the cruelest wars in history. I would also like to include some facts about John Brown, an abolitionist who led his men to the Border Wars, which caused $400,000 worth of damage. I will also explain several wars that occurred leading up to the American Civil War. After reading my research paper readers will have a better understanding of the violence that occurred during these crucial times in Kansas.The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 set the scene by allowing the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide by popular sovereignty, an idea advocated by US Senator Stephan A. Douglas, if they would be free or slave states. The government assumed that few slave owners would attempt to settle in Kansas and make it a slave state, because it was thought to be too far north for profitable exploitation of slaves. Instead, it resulted in immigration to Kansas by activists from both sides, which began the bloody war s of slavery which lasted from 1854 to 1858.In October 1855, John Brown traveled to Kansas territory to fight slavery. November 21, 1855 the â€Å"Wakarusa War† began when Charles Dow, a free-stater, was shot by a pro-slavery settler. May 21, 1856 a group of Border Ruffians entered the Free-State town of Lawrence, where they burned the Free-State Hotel, destroyed homes, stores, two newspaper offices, and their printing presses in an effort to wipe out this â€Å"hotbed of abolitionism. † The next day Republican Senator Charles Sumner was brutally attacked by Democratic Congressman Preston Brooks as a result from Sumner’s fiery speech called â€Å"The Crime Against Kansas. These acts inspired John Brown to lead a group of men into the Kansas Territory on an attack at a pro-slavery settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. Here, John Brown and his men dragged five pro-slavers out of their homes and hacked them to death.John Brown had the opportunity to kill as many as ni ne men but he settled at five, the same number of antislavery men who had recently died at the hands of southern settlers. In August, thousands of proslavery Southerners formed into armies and marched into Kansas. Brown and several of his followers engaged 400 pro-slavery soldiers in the â€Å"Battle of Osawatomie. The last major outbreak of violence was the â€Å"Marais des Cygnes massacre† in 1858, where Border Ruffians killed five Free-State men. Brown fought off all attempts to apprehend him and maintained publicity that his acts were ordered and justified by God. Brown then led and armed his men to raid the US Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. By doing so Brown had hoped to arm slaves and spark an uprising attack on the slaveholders. The abolitionists were overpowered by a company of US Marines under the command of Robert E. Lee. Ten of Brown’s group including two of his sons was killed.Five of them escaped and seven including Brown himself were capture d. Brown and the others were tried by the state of Virginia shortly after. Brown was convicted of murder, conspiring in a slave rebellion, and treason. On December 2, 1859 John Brown was executed by hanging in Charleston. Brown believed that the only way to overthrow slavery was by violence. On January 29, 1861 Kansas was admitted into the Union as a free state, as a result from the Wyandotte Constitution, a document presenting the abolitionist view. The four-year Civil War Began in April of 1861 which took more than 600,000 lives and abolished slavery.

Persuasion Essay Against Online Eduation Essay

Nowadays, everything about the world is accessible at one’s fingertips. Left and right, technological advancements surge throughout stores, offices, and schools. Not only are schools becoming more technology friendly, but online schooling is also growing rapidly. These online schools are attracting millions of teenagers around the world, but they are not as good as they seem. Many teenagers who attend online schools prefer traditional schooling since online schools lack several necessary aspects for learning. Some feel like they do not learn much, if anything at all, and others dislike how detached they feel from their teachers or other students. Although education specialists claim that online education has more benefits, it should not replace traditional education used by the current school system. Granted, online education provides a more flexible schedule. Usually, the students who attend online school have very busy schedules, and online schooling allows them to have a schedule that fits their needs. These students do not have to follow a set time schedule. They are allowed to log in and out of their course whenever their schedule permits, and as long as they complete their assignments by a certain deadline, they pass the course. Also, if a student moves at a slower pace compared to other students, then that student can take his or her time with the lesson. Likewise, if another student learns much faster compared to the average student, then he or she can speed through the lesson without waiting for others. However, attending an online school will lead to a lack of social interaction. Students from online programs can talk to each other through student forums and discussion boards, but they have a very slim chance of meeting face to face considering many of these students live all around the world. With these student forums and discussion boards, the response comments can make an everlasting strand of posts, but no one will be interested enough to read all of them. All of these conflicts make it harder to create long-lasting friendships. In addition, these students do not really get to know each other. Besides that, these students do not get to experience all the activities that traditional schools have to offer like extracurricular clubs. They also cannot create those glorious memories that most people laugh at when they are older and reminiscing. Nevertheless, online education is much cheaper and can save a family a large amount of money. Since these families do not have to pay for tuition, gas, or housing, they can spend their money on other things like house improvements, bills, debts, necessities, college funding, etc. Also, for those who cannot afford to go to a university, an online degree is much easier to achieve. This helps many of those who could not afford to earn a degree to finally attain one. On the contrary, one cannot get as much help from an online program compared to a traditional school. Since online teachers have a limited role in teaching, they try to guide students through the pre-written material. If the teacher is not properly trained to teach online courses, then the students are forced to teach themselves the whole lesson. This can cause students to get frustrated with themselves and not be as motivated to complete their course. To add onto the problem, asking questions is highly more difficult. The students who have questions cannot just raise their hands or stop by their teacher’s office to ask them. They have to wait for answers through e-mails, talk to other students through student forums, or make some sort of appointment with the teacher. In the end, being online educated may involve more work and could take much longer to finish. Most importantly, some online credits are not accepted in traditional schools or colleges. Certain online credits are not accepted because their credits are either not up to par or have no relevancy toward the student’s major. Even though online schools have been given more credibility in the past few years, many still believe that online schooling is much easier than traditional schooling, so college administrators do not take online degrees seriously. Also, some online schools are not accredited by legitimate agencies, and credits from those schools are overlooked completely. In other words, educational specialists should not replace traditional education with online education. Once again, online education not only reduces social activity, but also takes away from the high school experience. In addition, online schools do not offer as much help for students as traditional schools. Lastly, some colleges and universities do  not even accept online credits. While online education may be more viable in the future, they are currently not in the best condition to be implemented into school districts. Until online education is more adaptable to the traditional model, it should not be allowed to jeopardize the learning experience of today’s students.

Civil Supremacy Over The Military - 1525 Words

Civil supremacy over the military has been uniquely Anglo-American premise since the Revolutionary War. Prior to 1776, a â€Å"rage militare† or â€Å"passion of arms† swept the American colony; colonists found a new vogue for all things military and it created an environment that could have supported a military dictatorship. George Washington, as congressionally appointed head of the Continental Army could have accepted or sought after dictatorial powers, but he did not due to his beliefs. George Washington did not become a military dictator because of his strongly held belief in the supremacy of civil control over the military, which was formulated through mistakes made as young military officer, his experiences as a legislator in the Virginia House of Bourgeois and Continental Congress, and was reinforced as he served as the Commander and Chief of the Continental Army. A major influence on George Washington’s beliefs was when he was a young military offic er serving as the Commander of the Virginia Regiment. Not necessarily a positive life experience initially, this experience taught him the role of the military as it interacts with its civil authority. His most important learning experience during this period was through his mistakes of trying to maneuver through the political environment of civilian government and involving himself in a political scene that, although the ends where sound, the means where not for a military officer. Washington was charged, after theShow MoreRelatedCivil Reconstruction And Its Impact On The Civil War977 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduced to bring the former Confederate states back into the union . 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